Bureaucracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A bureaucracy () is . The German sociologist Max Weber argued that bureaucracy constitutes the most efficient and rational way in which one can organize human activity, and that systematic processes and organized hierarchies were necessary to maintain order, maximize efficiency and eliminate favoritism. Weber also saw unfettered bureaucracy as a threat to individual freedom, in which an increase in the bureaucratization of human life can trap individuals in an impersonal . The development of writing (ca. BC) and the use of documents was critical to the administration of this system, and the first definitive emergence of bureaucracy is in ancient Sumer, where an emergent class of scribes used clay tablets to administer the harvest and allocate its spoils. The reforms of Diocletian doubled the number of administrative districts and led to a large- scale expansion in Roman bureaucracy. During the Song dynasty, the bureaucracy became meritocratic. Following the Song reforms, competitive exams were held to determine who could hold which positions. According to Niall Ferguson, the bureaucracy was based on . With the translation of Confucian texts during the Enlightenment, the concept of a meritocracy reached intellectuals in the West, who saw it as an alternative to the traditional ancient regime of Europe. Napoleonic France adopted this meritocracy system. But paradoxically, this led to even further growth of the bureaucracy. Thinkers like John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx began to theorize about the economic functions and power- structures of bureaucracy in contemporary life. Max Weber was the first to endorse bureaucracy as a necessary feature of modernity, and by the late 1. Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc, a powerful class of bureaucratic administrators termed nomenklatura governed nearly all aspects of public life. Politicians like Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan gained power by promising to eliminate government regulatory bureaucracies, which they saw as overbearing, and return economic production to a more purely capitalistic mode, which they saw as more efficient. In his Philosophy of Right, Hegel had supported the role of specialized officials in the role of public administration, although he never used the term . Marx by contrast was opposed to the bureaucracy. He saw the development of bureaucracy in government as a natural counterpart to the development of the corporation in private society. Marx posited that while the corporation and government bureaucracy existed in seeming opposition, in actuality they mutually relied on one another to exist. Mill referred to bureaucracy as a distinct form of government, separate from representative democracy. He believed bureaucracies had certain advantages, most importantly the accumulation of experience in those who actually conduct the affairs. Nevertheless, he thought bureaucracy as a form of governance compared poorly to representative government, as it relied on appointment rather than direct election. Mill wrote that ultimately the bureaucracy stifles the mind, and that . His critical study of the bureaucratisation of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work. The growth in space and population being administered, the growth in complexity of the administrative tasks being carried out, and the existence of a monetary economy requiring a more efficient administrative system. These competencies are specified in various rules, laws, and administrative regulations. This means there isa rigid division of labora chain of command is established in which the capacity to coerce is specified and restricted by regulationsthere is a regular and continuous execution of the assigned tasks by people qualified by education and training to perform them. While recognizing bureaucracy as the most efficient form of organization, and even indispensable for the modern state, Weber also saw it as a threat to individual freedoms, and the ongoing bureaucratization as leading to a . Wilson advocated a bureaucracy that . But it is, at the same time, raised very far above the dull level of mere technical detail by the fact that through its greater principles it is directly connected with the lasting maxims of political wisdom, the permanent truths of political progress. Extracts from this document. Question: What is the purpose of management theory? Explain how knowledge to understanding of management theories can help you in your work; use example to illustrate your answer. Bureaucratic Theory Of Management By Max Weber Pdf MergeAlthough politics sets the tasks for administration, it should not be suffered to manipulate its offices. This essay became the foundation for the study of public administration in America. Ludwig von Mises. He believed that bureaucracy should be universally opposed, and noticed that in the political sphere it had few defenders, even among progressives. Mises saw bureaucratic processes at work in both the private and public spheres; however he believed that bureaucratization in the private sphere could only occur as a consequence of government interference. Merton expanded on Weber's theories of bureaucracy in his work Social Theory and Social Structure, published in 1. While Merton agreed with certain aspects of Weber's analysis, he also considered the dysfunctional aspects of bureaucracy, which he attributed to a . He also believed bureaucrats took pride in their craft, which led them to resist changes in established routines. Merton also noted that bureaucrats emphasized formality over interpersonal relationships, and had been trained to ignore the special circumstances of particular cases, causing them to come across as . Thefreedictionary. Usatoday. 30. usatoday. Retrieved 2. 6 May 2. University of Nairobi Department of Civil and Construction Engineering FCE 372 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT 1 LECTURE NOTES DR. NYAMBANE OSANO [email protected] 2013. Classical and neoclassical approaches of management: An overview www.iosrjournals.org 2 4 MANAGERS AND MANAGING What is Management? Handbook of Administrative History. Transaction Publishers. The Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy(PDF). University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 1. 2 March 2.
The Evolution of Management Thought(PDF). Public Administration Review: 2. Retrieved 1. 2 March 2. The Max Weber dictionary: key words and central concepts. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. Retrieved 2. 3 March 2. Merriam- Webster Dictionary (definition). Trivium, 7; 6 December 2. Lady Morgan, Sydney (1. Retrieved 1. 2 October 2. Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe, IL; Free Press. Retrieved 1. 2 October 2. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Macmillan Library Reference. Retrieved 1. 2 March 2. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Retrieved 3. 0 August 2. See also: Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 9; Cascio, . On the Manner in which the Persecutors Died. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2. Edition), Edward N. Village and Bureaucracy in Southern Sung China. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 2. Retrieved 7 February 2. The Cash Nexus: Money and Politics in Modern History, 1. States and Economic Development: A Comparative Historical Analysis. London, UK: The Guardian. Handbook of Administrative History - Paper - J. C. N. Nomenklatura: The Soviet Ruling Class (1st ed.). A Time For Choosing (Speech). Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Archived from the original on 1 January 2. Clegg; Martin Harris; Harro H. Managing Modernity: Beyond Bureaucracy? Oxford University Press. Marx's Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (1. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 1. 2 October 2. Considerations on Representative Government. Retrieved 1. 2 October 2. Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society, edited and translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters, New York: Palgrave Mac. Millan^ ab. George Ritzer (2. September 2. 00. 9). Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: The Basics. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 0. Retrieved 2. 2 March 2. Sashkin (2. 8 January 2. Leadership that matters: the critical factors for making a difference in people's lives and organizations' success. Berrett- Koehler Publishers. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 5. Retrieved 2. 2 March 2. The European Commission and the integration of Europe: images of governance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 5. Retrieved 2. 4 March 2. Allan (2 November 2. Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social Worl. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification, edited and translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters. New York: Palgrave Macmillan^Woodrow Wilson, . London: Macmillan, 1. Kingston, Ralph. Bureaucrats and Bourgeois Society: Office Politics and Individual Credit, 1. Palgrave Macmillan, 2. On Karl Marx: Hal Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Volume 1: State and Bureaucracy. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1. Marx comments on the state bureaucracy in his Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right and Engels discusses the origins of the state in Origins of the Family, marxists. Ernest Mandel, Power and Money: A Marxist Theory of Bureaucracy. London: Verso, 1. On Weber: Watson, Tony J. Sociology, Work and Industry. Neil Garston (ed.), Bureaucracy: Three Paradigms. Boston: Kluwer, 1. Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (2. Corrupt Bureaucracy and Privatization of Tax Enforcement. Dhaka: Pathak Samabesh, ISBN 9. Ludwig von Mises, Bureaucracy, Yale University Press, 1. Liberty Fund (2. 00. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. Lavie, Smadar (2. Wrapped in the Flag of Israel: Mizrahi Single Mothers and Bureaucratic Torture. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books; ISBN 9. Schwarz, Bill. The expansion of England: race, ethnicity and cultural history. Psychology Pres; ISBN 0- 4. Weber, Max. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Henderson and Talcott Parsons. London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1. Wilson, James Q. Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification. Edited and Translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters, 2. The starting point is the description of what Weber understands as rationalization and his conceptualization of the three types of legitimate domination. The purest and most rational type of legal domination is in Weber. Merton analysis outlines the dysfunctions resulting from bureaucratic structures. The negative consequences he identifies are the displacement of goals, the trained incapacity, over- conformity and esprit de corps of the officials and the depersonalization of relationships. Introduction. 1. 1 Problem Definition. In public opinion bureaucracy has in general a negative connotation which could be expressed with Goethe. So the roots of modern thinking on bureaucracy lie in his work. Weber. But Weber himself expected also the negative aspects of bureaucratization and rationalization respectively - what he terms an . Most of the new insights in this area were either further conceptualizations of this theory of bureaucracy or revisions and critiques, which have expressed concern over the dysfunctions of and problems within bureaucracy. These negative consequences are broad and manifold and come from different scholars. One critic is Robert K. Merton (1. 91. 0- 2. Weber. Merton sees in bureaucracy the tendency to foster e. This means, that the strictly obedience and conformity to norms and rules may lead to a situation, where these rules become ends in themselves, which can inhibit the organization to achieve its goals and cause dysfunctional outcomes. Merton labels the negative consequences of Weber. The introduction deals with the problem definition and the layout of this paper. Section two is divided in two parts. Part one introduces Max Weber. Part two presents the negative consequences of Weber. First there will be explained Weber. The paper ends with the conclusion that encompasses results and consequences. Max Weber. Before turning to Weber. Furthermore, it is appropriated to give a short overview about Weber. The final part presents, on the one hand, the characteristics of Weber. During the Renaissance, people reintroduced the perspective of the Greek and saw the sense of life outside hard physical work. Until this time, the world was filled with magic and the worldview was a monolithic one, were the natural and paranormal was not separated. With the beginning of the Reformation magic was increasingly rejected from religion. The endpoint of that process is for Weber taking on the protestant characteristic of Calvinism. Until this time, ascetical work, as the only godly way of life was done by monks in catholic monasteries. Calvin changed this by introducing the . The only way to receive divine redemption or election is through continuous ascetical working. By that, work became an intrinsic motivated profession or calling, which means that the duty to work wasn. The more a people were successful in their work and business, the greater was the chance to receive god. So Calvin and the Puritanism emphasized efficiency and transformed work from a sign of poor life into cult. To sum up, the . The result is the concentration on inner worldly ascetical continuous working and to see work as a calling - thus the rationalization of all worldly matters. Calvinism was the starting point for rationalization. But in the 1. 8th century, the Puritanism began to go global, due to their dominance concerning economic benefits. Weber explains this as follows: . Und zwar die Ersetzung einer h. So the rationalization of lifestyle means the development of a methodical and rational way of life, which tries to take into account set rules. But at the same time there was an increasing evolution of sciences, which tried to explain the world. This scientific knowledge came from different scientific communities (e. Ein ethischer Rationalisierungsprozess f. Rationalization in this case means that the world became increasingly calculable and controllable due to the uprising sciences, technologies and forms of organization. Summarizing, rationalization of institutions was the development and distribution of skills to measure, calculate and influence what happens in the world. For Weber, the rationalization process leads to an institutional change and the most rational and efficient form of organization in the future is bureaucracy. Three Types of Legitimate Domination. Based upon the rationalization processes, Weber asked how activities in a society with an increasing population should be organized so that they are stable, durable, coordinated and purpose- oriented. To manage activities with power, as . Only when the dominated person. Thompson/Alvesson (2. Ritzer (1. 98. 3). Cp. 1. 77. 7 Critiques concerning the dysfunctions of bureaucracy are also stated from Selznick, Croizer, Burns and Stalker, Gouldner or Blau. Due to the large amount of critique the text at hand concentrates on Merton and the unexpected and unintended negative consequences. Cp. Aluko/Adesopo (2. Lassman/Speirs (1. Nerlinger/Bickle/Schaber (2. Rationalization is in Weber. Weber (1. 99. 9): p. According to Weber, the terms Calvinism and Puritanism are used as synonyms in this paper to describe the ascetical working and ascetical Protestantism. The specific religious difference between them is not relevant for the text at hand. Cp. 3. 76, 4. 23 & 4. Rosa/Strecker/Kottmann (2. Weber (2. 01. 0): p. Weber (1. 99. 9): p. Weber (1. 99. 9): p. Grabner- Haider (2. Grabner- Haider (2. Rosa/Strecker/Kottmann (2. Weber (2. 01. 0): p. Weber (2. 01. 0): p. Vierecke/Mayerhofer/Kohout (2. This is the difference between legitimate domination and arbitrary domination, where obedience is forced by all means of power, e.
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